Vanuit Beieren ging de reis over de Rijn naar Rotterdam.
Toch vertrek Johann Conrad Beyer, Johannes Koeraat Beijer, niet naar Amerika, maar duikt hij in Schiedam op; wanneer hij gaat trouwen in 1756. (zie ook verre verwanten-link)

Schiedam
Schiedam. (door Ton Luk)
Dit was in de 17e en 18e eeuw een bloeiende stad, met evenveel inwoners als toenmalig Rotterdam. De haringvisserij en vervolgens - toen oorlog en piraterij die dwarsboomden - de jeneverstokerij, bezorgden 6 tot 10.000 inwoners een voor Nederland bijzondere welvaart.
De Gouden Eeuw van Schiedam duurde bijna 200 jaar. Nadat de Engelsen de Nederlandse vissers van de Noordzee hadden verjaagd en de Fransen de haringvloot in 1703 de grond in hadden geboord, profiteerden de jeneverproducenten van het zelfde oorlogsgeweld. Soldaten waren namelijk hun beste afnemers, tot in Zuid-Amerika.
Schiedam behoorde met Dordrecht tot de weinige plaatsen in Holland die de hinderlijke bijverschijnselen van de jeneverstokerij voor lief namen. Elders zijn er nauwelijks vergunningen voor verstrekt. In Dordrecht en Schiedam was men minder kritisch en nam men de stank van de branderijen, de rook, het zwart worden van het water in de grachten, voor lief.
In de hoogtijdagen van de jeneverproductie, die Schiedam de bijnaam "het Zwarte Nazareth" bezorgde, stonden in de stad dicht opeen 26 molens die het benodigde graan verwerkten. Hun wieken maakten zoveel lawaai dat ze 's middags van 12.00 tot 15.00 uur tijdens het middagmaal en de daarop volgende siësta, niet mochten draaien.
In de jeneverstokerijen, die aan het begin van deze eeuw uit de binnenstad verdwenen, werkten veel Duitsers. Veel Schiedammers deinsden terug voor het vuile werk. In sommige jaren bestond de bevolking voor 20 procent uit Duitsers.
Bron: http://www.seniorweb.nl/gen/Schiedam.htm

Waarom vertrok onze Bayerische Johann?

hierom?

http://www.hdbg.de/auswanderung/english/index2.htm

PALATINE HISTORY by Lorine McGinnis Schulze of Olive Tree Genealogy


The Palatinate or German PFALZ, was, in German history, the land of the Count Palatine, a title held by a leading secular prince of the Holy Roman Empire. Geographically, the Palatinate was divided between two small territorial clusters: the Rhenish, or Lower Palatinate, and the Upper Palatinate. The Rhenish Palatinate included lands on both sides of the Middle Rhine River between its Main and Neckar tributaries. Its capital until the 18th century was Heidelberg. The Upper Palatinate was located in northern Bavaria, on both sides of the Naab River as it flows south toward the Danube and extended eastward to the Bohemian Forest. The boundaries of the Palatinate varied with the political and dynastic fortunes of the Counts Palatine.
The Palatinate has a border beginning in the north, on the Moselle River about 35 miles southwest of Coblenz to Bingen and east to Mainz, down the Rhine River to Oppenheim, Guntersblum and Worms, then continuing eastward above the Nieckar River about 25 miles east of Heidelberg then looping back westerly below Heidelberg to Speyer, south down the Rhine River to Alsace, then north-westerly back up to its beginning on the Moselle River.
The first Count Palatine of the Rhine was Hermann I, who received the office in 945. Although not originally hereditary, the title was held mainly by his descendants until his line expired in 1155, and the Bavarian Wittelsbachs took over in 1180. In 1356, the Golden Bull ( a papal bull: an official document, usually commands from the Pope and sealed with the official Papal seal called a Bulla) made the Count Palatine an Elector of the Holy Roman Empire. During the Reformation, the Palatinate accepted Protestantism and became the foremost Calvinist region in Germany.
After Martin Luther published his 95 Theses on the door of the castle church at Wittenberg on 31 October 1517, many of his followers came under considerable religious persecution for their beliefs. Perhaps for reasons of mutual comfort and support, they gathered in what is known as the Palatine. These folk came from many places, Germany, Holland, Switzerland and beyond, but all shared a common view on religion.
The protestant Elector Palatine Frederick V (1596-1632), called the "Winter King" of Bohemia, played a unique role in the struggle between Roman Catholic and Protestant Europe. His election in 1619 as King of Bohemia precipitated the Thirty Years War that lasted from 1619 until 1648. Frederick was driven from Bohemia and in 1623, deposed as Elector Palatine.
During the Thirty Years War, the Palatine country and other parts of Germany suffered from the horrors of fire and sword as well as from pillage and plunder by the French armies. This war was based upon both politics and religious hatreds, as the Roman Catholic armies sought to crush the religious freedom of a politically-divided Protestantism.
Many unpaid armies and bands of mercenaries, both of friends and foe, devoured the substance of the people and by 1633, even the catholic French supported the Elector Palatine for a time for political reasons.
During the War of the Grand Alliance (1689-97), the troops of the French monarch Louis XIV ravaged the Rhenish Palatinate, causing many Germans to emigrate. Many of the early German settlers of America (e.g. the Pennsylvania Dutch) were refugees from the Palatinate. During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, the Palatinate's lands on the west bank of the Rhine were incorporated into France, while its eastern lands were divided largely between neighbouring Baden and Hesse.
Nearly the entire 17th century in central Europe was a period of turmoil as Louis XIV of France sought to increase his empire. The War of the Palatinate (as it was called in Germany), aka The War of The League of Augsburg, began in 1688 when Louis claimed the Palatinate. Every large city on the Rhine above Cologne was sacked. The War ended in 1697 with the Treaty of Ryswick. The Palatinate was badly battered but still outside French control. In 1702, the War of the Spanish Succession began in Europe and lasted until 1713, causing a great deal of instability for the Palatines. The Palatinate lay on the western edge of the Holy Roman Empire not far from France's eastern boundary. Louis wanted to push his eastern border to the Rhine, the heart of the Palatinate.
While the land of the Palatinate was good for its inhabitants, many of whom were farmers, vineyard operators etc., its location was unfortunately subject to invasion by the armies of Britain, France, and Germany. Mother Nature also played a role in what happened, for the winter of 1708 was particularly severe and many of the vineyards perished. So, as well as the devastating effects of war, the Palatines were subjected to the winter of 1708-09, the harshest in 100 years.
The scene was set for a mass migration. At the invitation of Queen Anne in the spring of 1709, about 7 000 harassed Palatines sailed down the Rhine to Rotterdam. From there, about 3000 were dispatched to America, either directly or via England, under the auspices of William Penn. The remaining 4 000 were sent via England to Ireland to strengthen the protestant interest.
Although the Palatines were scattered as agricultural settlers over much of Ireland, major accumulations were found in Counties Limerick and Tipperary. As the years progressed and dissatisfactions increased, many of these folk seized opportunities to join their compatriots in Pennsylvania, or to go to newly-opened settlements in Canada.
There were many reasons for the desire of the Palatines to emigrate to the New World: oppressive taxation, religious bickering, hunger for more and better land, the advertising of the English colonies in America and the favourable attitude of the British government toward settlement in the North American colonies. Many of the Palatines believed they were going to Pennsylvania, Carolina or one of the tropical islands.
The passage down the Rhine took from 4 to 6 weeks. Tolls and fees were demanded by authorities of the territories through which they passed. Early in June, the number of Palatines entering Rotterdam reached 1 000 per week. Later that year, the British government issued a Royal proclamation in German that all arriving after October 1709 would be sent back to Germany. The British could not effectively handle the number of Palatines in London and there may have been as many as 32 000 by November 1709. They wintered over in England since there were no adequate arrangements for the transfer of the Palatines to the English colonies.
In 1710, three large groups of Palatines sailed from London. The first went to Ireland, the second to Carolina and the third to New York with the new Governor, Robert Hunter. There were 3 000 Palatines on 10 ships that sailed for NY and approximately 470 died on the voyage or shortly after their arrival.
In NY, the Palatines were expected to work for the British authorities, producing naval stores [tar and pitch] for the navy in return for their passage to NY. They were also expected to act as a buffer between the French and Natives on the northern frontier and the English colonies to the south and east.
After the defeat of Napoleon (1814-15), the Congress of Vienna gave the east-bank lands of the Rhine valley to Bavaria. These lands, together with some surrounding territories, again took the name of Palatinate in 1838.

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boyers

Early Use of the Boyer Name

This account of the early evidence of the Boyer family and name owes a great deal to research originally developed in the book American Boyers, published by the Association of American Boyers, which was first published in 1915 and is now in its seventh edition. That research has been augmented and updated in this presentation.

The more distant beginnings of the Boyer family have been traced to the Celtic tribes who wandered through Europe near the beginning of the Christian era. One of these tribes, known as the "Boii," settled in the area known as Cisalpine Gaul. In 2005 this was northern Italy, Austria and southern Germany. Along with their allies the Helvetians, the Boii were conquered by the Romans; some attribute the work to Julius Caesar in 58 B.C., others to Augustus in 15 B.C. Apparently the Boii were then allowed to settle in the land of the Aedui, who were other allies of the Helvetians, in what is now the area of central to eastern France. Then they moved eastward, and in 488‑520 A.D. they were reported along the valley of the Danube, possibly in what were known as the Roman provinces of Vindelicia and Noricum.[1]

One account of the Boii says they "were certainly a new and composite social aggregate." Most likely they were descendants of the Marcommanni, Quadi and Narisci, tribes of the Suevic or Swabian race, with possibly an intermixture of Gothic or Celtic elements. They were called the Boiarii, Baioarii, Baiowarii, Bawarii, or Baiuwarii, words probably derived from Baja or Baya, corruptions of Bojer, and given to them because they came from Bojerland or Bohemia.[2] Of most lasting significance, it is said that the Boii gave their name to Bavaria. The Bavarians and the Bayer are regarded as the same.

In the fighting over western Europe over the centuries, the Boiarii were said to owe allegiance to the Ostrogoths, then the Franks, then Charlemagne, and after his death to the kings of the Franks and the Germans. The first mention of the Bavarians occurs in a Frankish document of 520 A.D.

In the ultimate dispersion of the Boiarii, the family name was given various spellings which continue down to this day. In Germany, the spellings include Bayer, Baier, Beyer, Beier, Byer and others. In Austria, it is Boiar. The Russian is Boyar, although that word appears to have referred primarily to the highest stratum of Russian nobility up to the 18th century and does not seem to have been a family name.[3] In England, it is usually Bowyer. In Scotland, it is Boyers. In France, it is usually Boyer.

A different analysis of name origins contends that Boyer is a variant of Bowyer, an occupational surname originally denoting a bow‑maker, and that the name came from the Middle English boghyere.[4] Another view is that the name derives from the Old French boyer, which was a cattle‑drover or ox‑herd.[5]

Historians report that the Boyer name appeared in various prominent places, including these reports: Normandy in northwestern France provided a number of Boyer soldiers for the battle of Hastings in 1066. Some Boyers were in the army of William of Orange in the battle of the Boyne (1690) in Ireland. In France, many Boyers belonged to the nobility. Cardinal Jean Pierre Boyer (1829‑1896) was Archbishop of Bourges. And Prince Lucien Bonaparte incurred the displeasure of his brother Napoleon by marrying a beautiful girl named Boyer.

The "Palatinate"

Most of the Boyers who settled in Pennsylvania are believed to have come from the Bavarian Palatinate region of western Germany, basically the area between the Rhine River and the border with France, near the cities of Frankfurt, Mannheim and Heidelberg. Today it is the general location of the state of Rhineland‑Palatinate.
The "Palatinate" developed in the 12th century as a large principality which combined the authority of the "counts palatine," or the chief administrative officers, of the Lorraine and the Rhine. In 1214, the area was acquired by the dukes of Bavaria. As one of the many kingdoms and duchies that were part of and surrounding the Holy Roman Empire at one time or another, the Palatinate was the object of numerous intrigues and fighting. In fact, throughout the 1600s and 1700s, there was serious conflict between the Hapsburgs and the Hohenzollerns, or Prussians.
The Bavarians in the Palatinate, in fact, were largely surrounded by Prussians, and thus began a rivalry that exists down to the present day, although in muted form. A common automobile bumper‑sticker dealing with the Bavarians (the Bayer) and the Prussians (the Preiss) seen in Munich in the early 1980s provided this bilingual play on words:
It is nice
To be a Preiss
But even higher
To be a Bayer.
Besides the political rivalries of the 17th century, a prominent factor in emigration was the desire for religious freedom. The Palatinate was near the home of the Reformation, and most of the people there were Lutheran or Reformed. The counter‑Reformation, stimulated by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV in 1685, caused thousands of French Huguenots to flee to France and put great pressures on the rest of western Europe.

Louis XIV also had designs on the territory of the Palatinate itself. Frustrated in his attempts at conquest, it is said that he systematically destroyed the area. One report says that "Louis XIV carried fire and sword into the Palatinate and across the Rhine again and yet again, culminating in the holocaust of 1689 when, for instance, the great palace and castle and indeed the whole town of Heidelberg (the capital of the Elector of the Palatinate) went up in flames."

bajuwaren

Die Entstehung der Bajuwaren:

Der Stamm der Bajuwaren tritt erst gegen Ende der Völkerwanderungszeit ins Licht der Geschichte. Die älteste Nachricht über die Bajuwaren ist in einem Geschichtswerk über die Goten erhalten, das der Historiker Jordanes im Jahr 551 vollendet hat. Bereits kurz darauf taucht ihr Name in den Texten des Dichters Venantius Fortunatus erneut auf. Beide Autoren berichten übereinstimmend, dass östlich des Siedlungsraums der Sueben bzw. östlich des Lechs das Land Baiuaria liegt, dessen Einwohner Baibari bzw. Baiovarii heißen.

Wer aber waren diese Bajuwaren und woher kamen sie so plötzlich?
So genau weiß man das leider bis heute nicht. Dr. Herwig Wolfram, Professor für mittelalterliche Geschichte an der Universität Wien, beschreibt die Bajuwaren sehr treffend als „ 'Findelkinder' der Völkerwanderung“. Sie erschienen plötzlich um die Mitte des 6. Jahrhunderts unter den damals bereits bekannten germanischen Völkern, wie Alamannen, Thüringern, Langobarden, Goten, Burgundern und Franken. Konnte es nun möglich sein, dass eine so große Region Europas in zentraler Lage plötzlich ohne schriftliche Dokumentation okkupiert werden konnte? Um diese Fragen zu beantworten, muss man sich die historische Entwicklung dieser Region ansehen. Das Land zwischen Lech und Inn gehörte in spätrömischer Zeit zur Provinz Raetia Secunda. Im Osten schloss sich die Provinz Noricum Ripense (Ufernoricum) an. Beide Provinzen verblieben bis zum Ende des Weströmischen Reiches unter dessen Oberhoheit. Da es jedoch immer wieder zu Einfällen germanischer Stämme kam, wurden zahlreiche Festungsbauten erstellt und auch Söldner von außerhalb des römischen Reiches angeworben. Aus der Lebensbeschreibung des hl. Severin (verfasst im Jahr 511 von Abt Eugrippius), der in den Gebieten entlang der Donau missionarisch wirkte und dort 482 starb, kann man entnehmen, dass das ungeschütze Land weitgehend aufgegeben war und die romanische Bevölkerung sich auf die Sicherheitsbereiche rund um die Kastelle konzentrierte. Nachdem der letzte römische Kaiser Romulus Augustulus von Odoaker abgesetzt worden war, versiegten die Soldzahlungen, so dass selbst die Sicherheit der Kastelle nicht mehr gegeben war. Die Herrschaft der Römer über die Provinzen Raetia II und Ufernoricum endete im Jahre 488 mit dem Aufruf Odoakers an die romanischen Siedler, nach Italien zurückzukehren. Nun war das Land offen für neue Siedler und Machthaber. In den weiteren Jahren stritten sich die Ostgoten und die Franken um diese Provinzen, bis schließlich um 536 Raetia und um 545 Noricum unter fränkische Herrschaft gerieten. Man sieht also das beide Provinzen unter ständiger Beobachtung mehrere Mächte standen. Niemals hätte sich da einfach so ein neues Volk niederlassen können. Trotzdem wird um 511 ganz selbstverständlich von den Baiovarii gesprochen.

In der archäologischen Forschung gilt als sicher, dass mehrere Volksstämme an der Entstehung der Baiovarii in der Zeitspanne vom 5ten bis zum Anfang des 6ten Jahrhunderts beteiligt waren. Dieser Vorgang wird als Ethnogenese bezeichnet. Die verschiedenen Wurzeln der Bajuwaren lassen sich aber durchaus archäologisch belegen. Die germanischen Söldner der Grenztruppen liegen in den Grabfeldern bei den Kastellorten begraben. Die Grabungsfunde die z.B. in Neuburg an der Donau oder in Straubing entdeckt wurden, sind Zeugen für die Verbindungen der Söldner mit ostgermanisch-gotischen Stämmen, wie auch mit Elbgermanen, die in Thüringen und Böhmen siedelten. Eine Gruppe, die während des 5ten Jahrhunderts im Vorfeld des Limes lebte und auch Söldner für das römische Heer stellte, fällt durch ihre besondere Keramik auf. Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet reicht von Neuburg an der Donau bis nach Passau. Die Keramik wurde nach den beiden Fundorten Friedenhain und Prest'ovice benannt. Dass sie sowohl in spätrömischen als auch in germanischen Friedhöfen auftritt, bildet sie das kulturelle Bindeglied zwischen Spätantike und frühem Mittelalter. Die Volksgruppe, die diese Keramik mitbrachte war also ab der Mitte des 5ten Jahrhunderts an der Neubesiedelung des offenen Landes außerhalb der Kastelle beteiligt. Neben den elbgermanischen und romanischen Siedlern, deren Einfluss sich im Salzburger Land und in Tirol bis ins 7te Jahrhundert nachweisen lässt, ist diese Gruppe eine weitere Keimzelle der späteren Baiovarii. Anhand weiterer Grabfunde, lässt sich beweisen dass im letzten Viertel des 5ten Jahrhunderts weitere Splittergruppen nach Baiern kamen. Sie waren entweder westlich-merowingischer oder östlicher Herkunft und gehörten zu alamannischen oder fränkischen bzw. zu thüringischen, ostgotischen und langobardischen Volkssplittern. (Zu Bild1: Th.Fischer, Verbreitungskarte von Keramik des Typus Friedenhain/Prestovice , Die Bajuwaren, Ausstellungskatalog, Archäologische Staatssammlung München)

Mit der Entdeckung eines vornehmen Paares in Strasskirchen wurde der Beweis erbracht, dass sich unter den neuen Ansiedlern des Donauraums um Regensburg auch Personen von hohem gesellschaftlichem Rang und materieller Potenz befanden. Man kann zweifellos davon ausgehen, dass diese Menschen die Region aufgrund der politischen und wirtschaftlichen Vorraussetzungen gezielt als neue Heimat gewählt haben. Diesen Reichtum werden sie sehr wahrscheinlich mit sich geführt haben und nicht in der neuen Heimat erwirtschaftet haben. Man kann also vermuten, dass die Besiedlung durchaus planmäßig von den jeweiligen Oberherren der Provinzen (Franken oder Ostgoten) betrieben wurde, dass sich diese Vorfälle auch in anderen Gebieten außerhalb des Donauraums ereigneten. In einem Gräberfeld 30 km nordöstlich von München lässt sich ähnliches verfolgen: Zunächst Gräber alamannischer Prägung sowie einer romanischen Restbevölkerung; es folgen Bestattungen langobardischer und thüringischer Bevölkerungsteile und schließlich sind ostgotische Einflüsse vorhanden. Während der ersten Hälfte des 6ten Jahrhunderts setzte sich dann der fränkischer Einfluss durch, besonders seit das Land in fränkische Oberherrschaft geraten war. Wie einst die Ostgoten sorgten nun die Franken dafür, dass Gefolgsleute aus ihren Reihen die politische Macht repräsentierten. Bereits in der zweiten Hälfte des 6ten Jahrhunderts, als der Bajuwarenstamm endgültig in die Geschichtsschreibung eingegangen war, treten unter den Grabfunden die fränkischen Einflüsse immer deutlicher hervor, gleichzeitig bildeten sich typisch bajuwarische Eigenheiten heraus, wie z.B. die Eberhauer am Helm eines Mannes in Grab 36 von Peigen. (Zu Bild1: Ausführung W.Hölzl, Das Frankenreich der Merowinger und Baiern im 7.Jh. , Die Bajuwaren, Ausstellungskatalog, Archäologische Staatssammlung München)

Das Schicksal der Bajuwaren, oder später Baiern, ist bis zum Ende des 8ten Jahrhunderts eng mit ihren Herzögen, den Agilolfingern, verknüpft. Den genauen Zeitpunkt der Übertragung der Amtsgewalt an die Agilolfinger durch den fränkischen König kennen wir nicht. Spätestens 30 Jahre nachdem die Franken die Provinz Raetia II von den Ostgoten übernommen hatten, erwähnt Gregor von Tours in der Frankengeschichte einen bajuwarischen Herzog mit Namen Garibald. Der fränkische König Chlothar I. nannte ihn „einen der Seinen“ und vermählte ihn mit der Witwe König Theudowalds, der langobardischen Königstochter Walderada. Demnach musste Garibald ebenfalls hochadliger Abstammung gewesen sein und gehörte folglich einer der führenden fränkischen Adelsfamilien an. Trotz des erbrechtlichen Anspruchs der Agilolfinger auf die baierische Herzogswürde, der einmalig in der germanischen Geschichte ist, untermauert der entsprechende Passus in der Lex Baiuvariorum zugleich auch ihre feste Bindung an die merowingischen Könige. Es konnte nämlich nur derjenige Agilolfinger Herzog werden, der dem König auch treu ergeben war. Dieser Zwiespalt, der einerseits aus einer erblichen und damit unabhängigen Herzogswürde und andererseits aus der engen Gebundenheit an das fränkisch-merowingische Königshaus resultierte, führte immer wieder zu Konflikten zwischen den baierischen Herzögen und den fränkischen Königen. (Zu Bild1: Aus Die Bajuwaren, Archäologische Staatssammlung München, durch einen Klick auf das Bild gelangt man auf die Gesamtansicht)

Der Niedergang der merowingischen Königshauses und der Aufstieg eines neuen Adelsgeschlechts – der späteren Karolinger – an die Spitze der fränkischen Macht brachte es mit sich, dass die Agilolfinger zeitweise über mehr Handlungsspielraum und Unabhängigkeit verfügten. Das bedeutete für sie einen Zuwachs an Macht und Stärkung ihres Einflusses innerhalb des frühmittelalterlichen Europa. Daraus erwuchs eine zunehmende Rivalität zu den neuen fränkischen Machthabern. So zeichnete sich die altbaierische Geschichte bis zu ihrem letzten Herzog Tassilo III. vor allem durch die wechselhaften Beziehungen zu den Franken aus. Erst Karl dem Großen gelang es, Tassilo III. abzusetzen und die Agilolfinger ihrer anbestammten Herzogswürde zu berauben. Damit endete der erste Abschnitt der baierischen Geschichte, die bis heute von großem Unabhängigkeitsstreben geprägt ist.
Quelle: „Die Bajuwaren – Nachbarn der Franken“ von Uta von Freeden aus „Die Franken – Wegbereiter Europas“

History of Bavaria

The region north of the Alps was inhabited by Celts and was part of the Roman Empire until (probably Slavonic) tribes from the East, the so-called 'Bayuvaren' started to settle in the region in the 6th century AD. A later mention was made by the Franks ca. 520. Saint Boniface completed the people's conversion to Christianity in the early 8th century. Bavaria resisted the Protestant Reformation, and remains strongly Roman Catholic.
From about 550 to 788, the house of Agilolfing ruled the duchy of Bavaria, ending with Tassilo III who was deposed by Charlemagne. For the next 400 years numerous families held the duchy, rarely for more than three generations.
The last, and one of the most important, of these dukes was Henry the Lion of the house of Welf, founder of Munich.When Henry the Lion was deposed as duke of Saxony and Bavaria by his cousin, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1180, Bavaria was awarded as fief to the Wittelsbach family, which ruled from 1180 to 1918. The first of several divisions of the duchy occurred in 1255 but in 1506 Bavaria was reunited and Munich became the sole capital. In 1623 the dukes replaced their relative, the Count Palatine of the Rhine in the early days of the Thirty Years War and acquired the powerful prince-electoral dignity in the Holy Roman Empire, determining its Emperor thence forward, as well as special legal status under the empire's laws. When Napoleon abolished the Empire, Bavaria became a kingdom in 1806, and in 1815 the Rhenish Palatinate was annexed to it. In between 1799 and 1817 the leading minister count Montgelas followed a strict policy of modernisation and lay the foundations of administrative structures that survived even the monarchy and are (in their core) valid until today. In 1818 a modern constitution (with the standards of the time) was passed, that established a bicameral Parliament with a House of Lords ("Kammer der Reichsräte") and a House of Commons ("Kammer der Abgeordneten"). The constitution was valid until the collapse of the monarchy at the end of the First World War.

boii 1

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Boii (a Latin plural) is the Roman name of an ancient Celtic tribe, living in Transalpine Gaul (modern France) and Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy), and later in Pannonia (today Western Hungary), Bohemia, Moravia and western Slovakia. The European region of Bohemia owes its name to the Boii, via old German Boia-haim- = "home[land] of the Boii".
Historians in the 19th and earlier 20th centuries also sometimes linked the Boii to the origins of the Bavarians (Lat. Baioari), although that particular link is seldom accepted today; it may represent old German Baia- (for Boia-, as in old German the diphthong 'oi' was rare) plus the continental German equivalent of Anglo-Saxon -ware = "dwellers": "those who dwell where the Boii formerly dwelt".
Despite the derivation of the name, the ancient Boii should neither be confused with the present-day inhabitants of Bavaria in Germany, or those of Bohemia in the Czech Republic. An argument can be made for an early mixing with Etruscans from Italy; however, the same argument can also be made for the Celtic tribes in any area they inhabited.[citation needed]
Sometime between 205 BC and 184 BC, T. Maccius Plautus refers to the Boii in his work, Captivi:
At nunc Siculus non est, Boius est, Boiam terit
But now he is not a Sicilian — he is a Boian, he has got a Boian woman.
(There is a play on words: Boia means "woman of the Boii", also "convicted criminal's restraint collar".) [1]
In the 1st century BC, the Boii living in an oppidum of Bratislava (Slovakia) minted Biatecs, high-quality coins with inscriptions (probably the names of kings) in Latin letters.
Another Roman reference to Boii is dated sometime between 100 and 44 BC, when Julius Caesar refers to the Boii in his work about Gallic Wars, Commentarii de Bello Gallico. written c. 50 BC:
They persuade the Rauraci, and the Tulingi, and the Latobrigi, their neighbours, to adopt the same plan, and after burning down their towns and villages, to set out with them: and they admit to their party and unite to themselves as confederates the Boii, who had dwelt on the other side of the Rhine, and had crossed over into the Norican territory, and assaulted Noreia.
It seems quite clear that Caesar here refers to the historic Cimbrian War of c. 115 - 101 BC, during which the Cimbri and Teutones attacked the Roman frontier. The Cimbri were led by the king Boiorix whose name means "King of the Boii". Thus it appears we are dealing with a confederation of the Cimbri and Boii led by the Boii King as over lord. That the Boii survived until the time of Caesar (50 years after the Cimbrian War) indicates that, perhaps, the Roman propaganda of their crushing defeat against the barbarians may be overstated. The inferred motive is clear: Roman propaganda would not allow the barbarians to inflict two crushing defeats on their forces without returning the favor.
Sometime between 59 BC and AD 17, in volume 21 of his work Ab Urbe Condita, Livy says that it was a Boian man that offered to show Hannibal the way across the Alps.
When, after the action had thus occurred, his own men returned to each general, Scipio could adopt no fixed plan of proceeding, except that he should form his measures from the plans and undertakings of the enemy: and Hannibal, uncertain whether he should pursue the march he had commenced into Italy, or fight with the Roman army which had first presented itself, the arrival of ambassadors from the Boii, and of a petty prince called Magalus, diverted from an immediate engagement; who, declaring that they would be the guides of his journey and the companions of his dangers, gave it as their opinion, that Italy ought to be attacked with the entire force of the war, his strength having been nowhere previously impaired.
During these events, many Boii likely became slaves of the Romans, and their name may have come in some area to mean "slave": see boy#Etymology.
Some members of the Boyer family believe that their name (as well as Bayer, Bowyer, and others) reflects descent from the Boii. [2]

References
T. Maccius Plautus, The Captiva and the Mostellaria, http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/7282
Caius Julius Caesar, De Bello Gallico and Other Commentaries, http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10657
Titus Livius, The History of Rome; Books Nine to Twenty-Six, http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10907

"Origins of the Boyer Family" by Neil A. Boyer